独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。它构成一个单独实体，并具有如下两种功能：

(1) 解释原因或情景

2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。 例 Freud distinguished three kinds of anxiety, each arising from a different source of perceived danger. "each" 是独立主格结构，"arising from"是动词短语。注意这个独立主格结构是一个"干巴巴"的句子。通过改变动词形式，它的面貌可焕然一新：Each arises from a different source of perceived danger.

再看以下例句 Before: His nose was running and his hands were shaking. He left the theater like that. Interesting: His nose running and his hands shaking, he left the theater.

Before: He is known for his bad temper, so I fear the encounter. Interesting: I fear the encounter, his temper being what it is.

Plain: If the weather is favorable tomorrow, we will spend the entire day climbing Huang Shan.

Good: Weather permitting, we will spend the entire day tomorrow climbing Huang Shan.

Plain: Let’s pray that the Southeast Asian economy will soon return to normal.

Good: The Southeast Asian economy, God willing, will soon return to normal.

Plain: Early radio reports exaggerated the success of the raid on the Embassy. Some even indicated that the Vietcong had occupied several floors of the building. Better: Early radio reports exaggerated the success of the raid on the Embassy, some even indicating that the Vietcong had occupied several floors of the building.

Plain: Even though the drug controversy was still festering around him, in the end, defending Australian Open champion Petr Korda walked away with a salute to a cheering crowd. Better: In the end, defending Australian Open champion Petr Korda, the drug controversy around him still festering, walked away with a salute to a cheering crowd.

有些短语在语法上可与它所在句中的其它成分分离。这种结构不修饰句子的任何一个词，而修饰句子的整体意思。

分词连同它所修饰的名词或代词可构成独立主格结构。

好的开头，能调动阅读的积极性。尤其是考场作文，如果头开得好，给阅卷老师耳目一新之感，就会使你的作文得个理想分数。下列开头方法会让你考场制胜。

1.以同位语作为句子的开头。

The most popular teacher in Neworiental, Ma Zihui, will attend the party.

以单个修饰语作为句子的开头。

这个修饰语可以是形容词、分词或副词。

Young and ambitious,JieYu works hard to teach Englsih.

Secretly, the girl entered the room.

With a book in her hands, Fang Meng talked to a foreigner.

Exhausted, the students reached the top of the mountain.

3.以短语修饰语作为句子的开头。

短语修饰语可以是介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语以及独立主格结构。

In front of me stood a beautiful girl.

To pass the exam, the students worked hard.

Confused about the problem, he went to ask for his teacher.

Your homework finished, you may go home.

4.用从句作为句子的开始。

If I am free, I will attend your lecture.

Whenever one goes, whatever one does, one needs money.

5.英语作文开头常用短语句式

(1) With the (rapidly) growing popularity of (computers/private cars) in China, the quality of our lives has been considerably changed.

(2) With the (rapid) growth of (our economy/population), many problems such as (water shortages/waste of energy/lack of professionals and chaotic management) are beginng to surface

(3) With the development of (science and technology/market economy), more and more/an increasing number of people come to realize that ……

(4) Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over (illegal publication/drug abuse/negative influence of western cultures).

(5) Nowadays, a heated debated/discussion about……is under way in China .some people believe that ……, whereas others argue that……

(6) There are some reasons for owning (private cars/ personal computers). To begin with,…… Next,…… Last, …… There are, on the oher hand, many reasons against it. First, …… Second,…… Finally,……

(7) There are many advantanges and disadvantages in (owning a car).

(8) There are various /at least three ways/possible techniques/problems/methods to do something

(9) Smoking/Alcoholic beverage should be banned from college campuses for toe reasons. The first reason is that …… The second reason is that …… /On the one hand , …… On the other hand. ……

(10) The possible solutions of (the enery crisis/water shortanges/these social problems) depend on three factors……

(11) The tow major reasons responsible for (the rapid economic growth /the widespread of fake products ) are……

六级作文的开头和结尾，祝福大家都过啊~~~

1-1 对立法: 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,

适用于有争议性的主题. 例如(e.g)

[1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently.

[2]. When it comes to .... , some people bielive that ....... Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter ...)

[3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....

1-2 现象法引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论. e.g

[1]. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.

[2]. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus. ( has been brouth to public attention)

[3].Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.

----- To be continued !!

1-3 观点法----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法. e.g:

[1]. Never history has the change of .. been as evident as ... Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of .. benn more visible/popular than...

[2]. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that...

[3]. Now there is a growing awareness/recognation ot the necessity to......Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ......

[4]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......

1-4 引用法----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点! e.g:

[1]. "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people .

"Education is not complete with gradulation." Such is the opnion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion.

[2]."........." How often we hear such statements/words like thoses /this .

In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this "......".

1-5 比较法------ 通过对过去,现在两种不同的倾向,观点的`比较, 引出文章要讨论的观点.

e.g:

[1]. For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ... , people ....... .

[2]. People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new.

1-6 故事法---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. e.g:

[1]. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenemenon of ... has aroused public concern.

[2]. I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.

[3]. Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.

1-8 问题法----- 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题. e.g:

Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ...

But in my opinion , ...... .

Chapter 2 文章中间主体内容句型 原因结果分析

3-1-1. 基本原因--- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因.

e.g: [1]. Why ... ? For one thing.. For another ...

[2]. The answer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing... For another...... Still another ...

[3]. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect .... /both individual and social contribute to ....

3-1-2另一原因--------> 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用! e.g:

[1]. Another important factor is ....

[2]. ... is also responsible for the change/problem.

[3]. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for .....

3-1-3后果影响--------- 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响. e.g:

[1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on....

[2]. In involves some serious consequence for ........

比较对照句型

3-2-1. 两者比较---> 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用! e.g:

[1]. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.

[2]. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.

[3]. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。

with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

举例: He stood there, his hand raised.

= He stood there, with his hand raise.

典型例题

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A. being tied  B. having tied  C. to be tied  D. tied

答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.

注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：

当介词是in时，其前后的'两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.

( hand前不能加his)。

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

典型例题：

Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

A permitted  B permitting  C permits  D for permitting

答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。

如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。